Positive and Negative Reinforcement and Punishment Now let’s combine these four terms: positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment (Table 1). All punishers (positive or negative) decrease the likelihood of a behavioral response. All reinforcers (positive or negative) increase the likelihood of a behavioral response. Reinforcement can be positive or negative, and punishment can also be positive or negative. Reinforcement means you are increasing a behavior, and punishment means you are decreasing a behavior. Instead, positive means you are adding something, and negative means you are taking something away. In operant conditioning, positive and negative do not mean good and bad. In discussing operant conditioning, we use several everyday words-positive, negative, reinforcement, and punishment-in a specialized manner.
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